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The Enggano language, or Engganese, is the poorly known language of Enggano Island off the southwestern coast of Sumatra. It appears to be an Austronesian language, though much of the basic vocabulary cannot be connected to other Austronesian languages. When first contacted by Europeans, the Enggano people had more in common culturally with the Nicobar Islands than with Austronesian Sumatra; however, there are no apparent linguistic connections with Nicobarese or other Austroasiatic languages. Enggano has historically undergone nasal harmony in its identifiable Austronesian vocabulary, where all stop consonants and vowels in a word became nasal after a nasal vowel, and oral after an oral vowel, so that there is no longer a phonemic distinction between them. For example, *eũ’ada’a became ''eũ’ãnã’ã'', while nasal consonants are no longer found in ''’ub'' 'house' or ''’a-rib'' 'five' (cf. Malay ''rumah, lima''). Enggano is the only western Austronesian language in which *t shifted to , an unusual change that occurred independently several times in Oceanic after *k shifted to glottal stop.〔Blust, 2004〕 == Phonology == The only major linguistic treatment of Enggano was conducted by Hans Kähler in 1937; he published a grammar (1940), texts, and a dictionary (1987). However, phonology is limited to a simple inventory and a short paragraph of basic features; the grammar and dictionary disagree with each other, the dictionary is not consistent, some words are not legible, and doubts have been raised about the accuracy of the transcriptions. Nothofer (1992) discusses loanwords and also lists phonemes.〔Nothofer, 1986, p. 97, after Kähler (1940).〕 Yoder (2011) is a thesis on Enggano vowels, with some comments on consonants; it will be followed here.〔(Yoder, 2011. )〕 Stress was once reported to be penultimate but is now on the final syllable. Alternating syllables preceding it have secondary stress. Yoder and Nothofer report seven oral and seven nasal vowels:〔Kähler's dictionary is similar, but lacks .〕 Diphthongs are . Vowels do not occur word-initially in Enggano apart from what Yoder analyzes as before another vowel; these are then pronounced as semivowels . (Nothofer counts these as consonants restricted to initial position, which avoids the problem of not uncommon being analyzed as , when sequences of the same vowel are otherwise quite rare.) The vowels are all pronounced as semivowels in vowel sequences after medial glottal consonants , as in (a sp. tree) and 'wild'; otherwise, apart from diphthongs, vowel sequences are disyllabic, as in 'to graze'. optionally triggers a glide after a following glottal consonant, as in 'to say'. Diphthongs lower to etc. before a coda stop, as in 'ten', and undergo metathesis when that stop is glottal, as in 'twenty'. An intrusive vowel appears between glottal stop and another consonant (though not semivowels), as in 'female leader'; this does not affect the pattern of stress. In many words, a final vowel transcribed by Kähler is not found in Yoder. The offglide of diphthongs lowers before glottal consonants, and a glottal stop may intrude when another word follows, as in 'another'. Yoder notes that the voiced stops are in complementary distribution, depending on whether the word has nasal vowels, but lists them separately. Voiced oral consonants, , do not occur in words with nasal consonants or vowels. Nasal consonants nasalize all vowels in a word, and there is therefore no contrast between and apart from the contrast between nasal and oral vowels. For example, with the oral stem ''tax'' 'bag', the possessive forms are ''tahi’'' 'my bag' and ''tahib'' 'your bag', but with the nasal stem 'age', the forms are ''’umunu’'' 'my age' and ''’umunum'' 'your age'. occurs in only a few native words. are infrequent and apparently a single phoneme; they only occur word finally, where they contrast with : occurs after the non-front vowels , after the front vowels , and after vowel sequences ending in (including ). The resulting may actually be , as most such words are attested with alternation like 'box'. When a suffix is added, so that this consonant is no longer word-final, it becomes , as in ''tahi’'' 'my bag' above. Nothofer is similar, but does not list the uncommon consonants and and counts as consonants rather than allophones of vowels. Kähler's dictionary adds , as well as as marginal phonemes, and claims that are only found in southern villages. However, Yoder states that at the time of his research in 2010 there were no differences among the six villages on Enggano Island, and that initial and final are rare in native words. Medial and are in free variation in a few words, with older people preferring and younger speakers . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Enggano language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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